3 Since 2016, the Lancet countdown initiative has been tracking progress on health and climate change issues related to implementation of the Paris climate agreement, 4, 5 providing a broad overview of climate change impacts on health. 2 Climate change directly impacts health through long‐term changes in rainfall and temperature, climatic extremes (heatwaves, hurricanes, and flash floods), air quality, sea‐level rise in lowland coastal regions, and multifaceted influences on food production systems and water resources. The rate of global warming which has occurred during recent decades has been unprecedented over the past millennium, 1, 2 and there is consensus in the scientific community that the cause is increasing anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. With drug and insecticide resistance on the rise, significant funding and research efforts must to be maintained to continue the battle against existing and emerging diseases, particularly those that are vector borne.Ĭlimate change is considered one of the greatest threats to human health by the World Health Organization. Many key factors affect the spread and severity of human diseases, including mobility of people, animals, and goods control measures in place availability of effective drugs quality of public health services human behavior and political stability and conflicts. Further future changes are likely if we fail to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Our review highlights significant regional changes in vector and pathogen distribution reported in temperate, peri‐Arctic, Arctic, and tropical highland regions during recent decades, changes that have been anticipated by scientists worldwide. Climate also affects infectious diseases, which have played a significant role in human history, impacting the rise and fall of civilizations and facilitating the conquest of new territories. Climate directly impacts health through climatic extremes, air quality, sea‐level rise, and multifaceted influences on food production systems and water resources. Climate change is one of the greatest threats to human health in the 21st century.
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